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Vol 74, No 5 (2024)

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ОБЗОРЫ И ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ СТАТЬИ

Representation of spatial information in the CA1 field

Mysin I.E., Vasilev A.O., Dubrovin S.V., Skorokhod S.N.

Abstract

Information in the brain is encoded by large populations of neurons – neural ensembles. The place cells in the hippocampal CA1 field have become an experimental model for the study of neural ensembles of the brain due to the convenience of research. This review is devoted to the latest studies of place cells in the CA1 field. We consider the principles of encoding space by place cells, mechanisms for controlling the activity of place cells, anatomical and physiological features of place cells in different parts of the CA1 field. Key points: 1. There are rate and phase coding; 2. Dense local connections between pyramidal neurons can provide information processing; 3. Interneurons are involved in the formation of both the rate and phase code of place cells; 4. Pyramidal neurons are anatomically and functionally divided into deep and superficial; 5. Along the dorsoventral axis, the spatial and non-spatial component of information is generalized. The CA1 field has extensive capabilities for signal processing and can implement a computationally complex operation in the cognitive processes of the brain.

Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatelnosti Imeni I.P. Pavlova. 2024;74(5):517-537
pages 517-537 views

The role of the basal forebrain in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease

Kitchigina V.F., Popova I.Y., Shubina L.V.

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by impaired cognitive functions, from minor deviations to dementia, as well as altered behavior. Typical features of this disease include the presence of senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, synaptic damage, and neuronal loss. Many factors contribute to cognitive decline in patients with AD. According to the cholinergic hypothesis, which prevailed at the end of the last century and remains relevant today, a key event in the pathogenesis of AD is the loss of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain (BFB), found in this region in AD patients. However, the death of neurons deprives the brain of a range of other neurochemical agents. In addition, the occurrence of AD may also be caused also caused by other morphofunctional abnormalities in this area of the brain. In modern literature there is no summary information about the role of BFB in the pathogenesis of AD. The functions of the BFB and the mechanisms of regulation of the neural network of this part of the brain in normal conditions and in neuropathologies remain unclear. This review comprehensively examines the involvement of the BFB and its connections with other brain regions in the development of AD. The article includes data from clinical observations and experiments conducted both on healthy animals and on those with models of this disease. The analysis of the available literature data will improve the understanding of the functioning of the BFB normally and its disturbances during the development of AD, which can advance the development of therapeutic approaches for the treatment of this disease.

Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatelnosti Imeni I.P. Pavlova. 2024;74(5):538-564
pages 538-564 views

Central neurophysiological mechanisms of stress resistance in post-traumatic stress disorder

Kondashevskaya M.V., Artemyeva K.A., Aleksankina V.V.

Abstract

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe, disabling syndrome that is induced by an extremely powerful negative impact on the people’s psyche. Symptoms of the disease most often do not appear in the entire population of stressed people and not immediately, but after some indefinite period of time. The disease is caused by central, genetic, epigenetic and neurobiological determinants, interactively integrated within the underlying social and natural-anthropogenic context. The simultaneous development of a pathological reaction from the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal, sympathoadrenal and immune systems was established. Information on the state of the main biogenic and amino acid neurotransmitters of the central nervous system in PTSD is presented. Researchers are currently focusing on peptide hormones such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neuropeptide Y, and leptin, which can be used to diagnose and treat PTSD. An analysis of the literature led to the conclusion that about the characteristics of stress-resistant people and animals very little is still known.

Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatelnosti Imeni I.P. Pavlova. 2024;74(5):565-590
pages 565-590 views

ФИЗИОЛОГИЯ ВЫСШЕЙ НЕРВНОЙ (КОГНИТИВНОЙ) ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ ЧЕЛОВЕКА

Lower limb muscle activity during neurointerface control: neurointerface based on motor imagery of walking

Bobrova E.V., Reshetnikova V.V., Grishin A.A., Vershinina E.A., Bogacheva I.N., Chsherbakova N.A., Isaev M.R., Bobrov P.D., Gerasimenko Y.P.

Abstract

The question of the activity of muscles that provide the realization of imaginary movement is essential in the rehabilitation of motor disorders using neurointerfaces. The literature data on this issue are contradictory. The paper analyzes the EMG activity of the shin and thigh muscles of 40 healthy volunteers when working with a neurointerface based on kinesthetic motor imagery of walking in place and supplemented with the «Biokin» robotic limb movement device (mechanotherapy), activated in case of successful motor imagery. It is shown that working with a neurointerface, on average for subjects, leads to an increase in muscle activity when motor imagery of walking compared to rest, and activation of the mechanical training device (AM) further increases muscle activity, with its effect being more pronounced in the muscles of the leg from which motor imagery of walking begins. The nature of muscle reactions to the task of motor imagery of walking is individual. AM when working with a neurointerface, the number of subjects with pronounced EMG activity increases, as does the number of significant correlations between the activity of the muscles of the lower limbs. Thus, the use of neurointerfaces based on motor imagery of walking and the addition of AM as feedback allows activating the muscles of the lower extremities, which is important in clinical practice in the rehabilitation of movements.

Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatelnosti Imeni I.P. Pavlova. 2024;74(5):591-605
pages 591-605 views

Local field potentials and neural activity in motor networks in levodopa-induced dykinesia in a model of Parkinson’s disease

Brazhnik E.S., Mysin I.E., Novikov N.I.

Abstract

Levodopa, a metabolic precursor of dopamine (DA), is used to treat movement disorders in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Long-term use of levodopa causes a serious side effect known as levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). With the development of LID, high-frequency gamma oscillations (80–120 Hz) are reported in recordings of local field potentials (LFPs) from the motor cortex (MCx) in rats with experimental PD and in patients with Parkinson’s disease. The mechanisms underlying the occurrence of these oscillations and their connection with LID are not entirely clear. The study of activity in divisions of the motor network can provide valuable information about the mechanisms of development of pathological gamma-oscillations and LID. Rats with experimental PD were treated with levodopa for 7 days. Local field potentials and neural activity were recorded from electrodes implanted in the motor cortex, ventromedial nucleus of the thalamus (Vm), and substantia nigra pars reticularis (SNpr). Dyskinesia was assessed using a standard abnormal involuntary movement scale. Administration of levodopa significantly reduced the power of beta-oscillations (30–36 Hz) in all 3 parts of the motor neural network associated with bradykinesia in PD and caused the appearance in Vm and MCx coherent LFP oscillations in the high gamma-frequency range. Their coherence increased during priming between days 1 and 7. This activity was strongly associated with the occurrence of dyskinesia. In LID, an increase in the frequency of neuronal activity in Vm and MCx was accompanied by increased synchronization of neuronal activity with cortical gamma-oscillations in VM (68%) and MCx (25%). In contrast to Vm and MCx, SNpr did not exhibit gamma-range oscillatory activity during LID, and its neural activity was not synchronized with LFPs in Vm or MCx. It is significant that during the LID period the frequency of SNpr spike activity in most recordings (76%) decreased significantly and was approximately three times lower than the initial one (before the administration of levodopa). Administration of the antidyskinetic drug, 8-OH-DPAT, restored the initial characteristics of LFPs (30–36 Hz oscillation), neuronal activity, and bradykinesia. Thus, repeated administration of levodopa leads to a decrease of the inhibitory control in motor neural networks due to a significant reduction in activity of SNpr. Obviously, Vm and SNpr can be considered as the most important components of the motor neural network, making the main contribution to the occurrence of high-frequency gamma oscillations and LID.

Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatelnosti Imeni I.P. Pavlova. 2024;74(5):606-620
pages 606-620 views

ФИЗИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ МЕХАНИЗМЫ ПОВЕДЕНИЯ ЖИВОТНЫХ: ВОСПРИЯТИЕ ВНЕШНИХ СТИМУЛОВ, ДВИГАТЕЛЬНАЯ АКТИВНОСТЬ, ОБУЧЕНИЕ И ПАМЯТЬ

The influence of enriched environment on learning and memory in the Morris water maze in rats with acute and chronic pro-inflammatory stress

Zaichenko M.I., Sidorina V.V., Grigoryan G.A.

Abstract

It is known that housing in an enriched environment (EE) prevents the development of anxiety-depressive disorders and cognitive impairment caused by various stresses. In a very limited number of studies on learning and memory in the Morris water maze, pro-inflammatory stress was elicited before the exposure of animals in the EE. In this study, we, for the first time, examined the inverse sequence of interaction between EE and stress; in the first place was the action of the EE, while on the second place – the influence of stress. 40 rats aged 25 to 45 days were placed in the EE and 40 other rats were kept under standard conditions. Pro-inflammatory stress in rats of both groups was induced by injection of a bacterial toxin, lipopolysaccharide LPS, once (acute stress, 350 μg/kg) and repeatedly (chronic, 200 μg/kg) 1 hour before the start of behavioral experiments and during their performance. Control animals were injected with saline at the same volume. Rats of the EE group found the platform faster and swam a shorter distance to it than rats of the standard group. Improvements in behavioral parameters were observed in animals with acute and chronic LPS stress, and in control rats. It should also be noted that the dynamics of learning and the features of the long-term and working memory in rats with acute and chronic LPS were similar, which points to a similar effect of EE on functional changes in the brain activity of rats, regardless of the nature of the subsequent stress. The results obtained indicate the important role of EE in beneficially influencing the behavior of rats when searching for a safe platform.

Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatelnosti Imeni I.P. Pavlova. 2024;74(5):621-631
pages 621-631 views

Interval inhalation application of an oxygen-helium mixture reverses the effects of cerebral arterial air embolism

Palikov V.A., Pavlov N.B., Ismailova A.M., Amirov R.R., Dyachenko I.A., Borozdina N.A., Bervinova A.V., Logunov A.T., Murashev A.N., Baranov V.M.

Abstract

Oxygen-helium mixture demonstrates marked efficacy of helium mixtures in animal models of ischemia/reperfusion, which opens the possibility of its use as an emergency measure for therapy of vascular embolism. We modelled cerebral arterial air embolism by injecting an air bubble into the internal carotid artery of awake rats. Inhalation of a heated oxygen-helium mixture immediately after modelling arterial embolism normalizes physiological abnormalities and prevents ischemic brain damage, whereas application of a heated oxygen-helium mixture 2 hours after modelling arterial embolism significantly worsens the condition of the animals.

Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatelnosti Imeni I.P. Pavlova. 2024;74(5):632-637
pages 632-637 views