Representation of spatial information in the CA1 field

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Abstract

Information in the brain is encoded by large populations of neurons – neural ensembles. The place cells in the hippocampal CA1 field have become an experimental model for the study of neural ensembles of the brain due to the convenience of research. This review is devoted to the latest studies of place cells in the CA1 field. We consider the principles of encoding space by place cells, mechanisms for controlling the activity of place cells, anatomical and physiological features of place cells in different parts of the CA1 field. Key points: 1. There are rate and phase coding; 2. Dense local connections between pyramidal neurons can provide information processing; 3. Interneurons are involved in the formation of both the rate and phase code of place cells; 4. Pyramidal neurons are anatomically and functionally divided into deep and superficial; 5. Along the dorsoventral axis, the spatial and non-spatial component of information is generalized. The CA1 field has extensive capabilities for signal processing and can implement a computationally complex operation in the cognitive processes of the brain.

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About the authors

I. E. Mysin

Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics oof the Russian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: imysin@mail.ru

Laboratory of the Systemic Organization of Neurons

Russian Federation, Pushchino

A. O. Vasilev

Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics oof the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: imysin@mail.ru

Laboratory of the Systemic Organization of Neurons

Russian Federation, Pushchino

S. V. Dubrovin

Ufa University of Science and Technology

Email: imysin@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Ufa

S. N. Skorokhod

Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University University

Email: imysin@mail.ru
Russian Federation, St. Petersburg

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Supplementary files

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2. Fig. 1. Activity of neurons of the lateral (LEС), medial (MEС) entorhinal cortex and the CA1 field upon presentation of a reward. Mice with a fixed head move along a linear track in virtual reality to receive a reward for water. Spatially modulated neurons are sorted by where their activity has reached its maximum. Each row of the lower series of graphs represents the excitation of one neuron, normalized to its maximum value. The upper series of graphs are histograms of the places where the neurons reached maximum excitation. The black bar on all charts is the place where the mouse received the reward. Data from the article (Issa et al., 2024).

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3. Fig. 2. An example of the idealized activity of place cells with the effect of phase precession. The dependence of the mean firing rate of deep and superficial pyramidal neurons on the position of the animal in space is shown. The binding of pyramidal neurons to the theta rhythm phase outside the field of location is shown. In the presented plots, the slope and the initial phase of precession differ for deep and surface neurons: for deep neurons, the slope is 15 0/cm, the initial phase is 2700, for surface neurons, the slope is 8 0/cm, the initial phase is 2100. The approximation of the activity of the place cells was made on the basis of experimental data (Sherif et al., 2021) and (Oliva et al., 2016). Note that the parameters of phase precession vary greatly when performing different cognitive tests, these parameters should be considered only as an example of one of the possible options.

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4. Fig. 3. The activity of interneurons while the mouse is running along a linear track (mean ± standard error of mean), aligned relative to the center of the field of the place. The size of the place field of each place cell (n = 8) was adjusted to the range from –0.5 to 0.5, the absolute values of the place fields were 33.2 ± 3.8 cm (average ± standard error of mean). The upper plot shows the dependence of the activity of presynaptic interneurons for the place cell. The lower plot shows the activity of random interneurons at the same time. Data from the article (Geller et al., 2022).

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5. Fig. 4. The probability of establishing a connection between pyramidal neurons in the CA1 field depends on the distance between the cells. The dashed line marks the median of distribution 110 microns. Data from the article (Geller et al., 2022).

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6. Fig. 5. A schemes of the arrangement of pyramidal neurons in the superficial and deep layer. The upper scheme shows the antagonistic relationship between deep and superficial neurons based on data from the article (Berndt et al., 2023). The lower scheme shows the strength of excitatory inputs to deep and superficial neurons based on these articles (Li et al., 2017; Masurkar et al., 2017; Sharif et al., 2021). Layer designations: SO – stratum oriens, SP – stratum pyramidale, SR – stratum radiatum, SLM –stratum lacunosum moleculare.

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