


Том 43, № 8 (2024)
Kinetics and mechanism of chemical reactions, catalysis
Kinetics of thermal decomposition of polymethylmethacrylate in a carbon dioxide environment
Аннотация
A thermogravimetric analysis of the thermal decomposition of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) in a carbon dioxide flow was carried out. The kinetic constants of the process were determined. The heating rate of the sample varied over a wide range and amounted to 2, 5, 8, 20, 35 and 50 K/min. The values of the kinetic constants of PMMA decomposition were determined using the isoconversional method. For the degree of conversion of the substance from 10 to 90%, the values of activation energy for the thermal decomposition of PMMA vary in the range from 213.5 to 194.3 kJ/mol, and the values of the pre-exponential coefficient change in the range from 1.62 ⋅ 1016 to 6.85 ⋅ 1012 1/s. The average activation energy for the thermal decomposition of PMMA in a carbon dioxide flow was 206 kJ/mol.



Combustion, explosion and shock waves
Features of the inhibition of hydrogen–air mixtures by propylene additive
Аннотация
Small additions of hydrocarbons, such as propylene, which are widely studied as combustion and explosion inhibitors of hydrogen–air mixtures, are very specific objects. The known mechanism of the inhibitory effect of these additives is associated with the intensification of the termination of branching chains due to the addition of hydrogen atoms; but also such conditions exist in which these compounds, instead of inhibiting, have a neutral and even promoting effect. Such conditions, as well as the reasons leading to the fact that inhibition is practically absent, have not yet been studied. This article shows the results of numerical modeling, which make it possible to more fully outline the range of conditions where the addition of propylene practically does not inhibit hydrogen-air mixtures and outline possible reasons for this effect. Calculations were carried out with the detailed kinetic mechanism of chemical reactions NUIGMech 1.1 (2020). The objects of the study were three air mixtures containing hydrogen in amounts of 15, 29.6 and 50 vol. % (lean, stoichiometric and rich mixture, respectively) without additives and with 1% addition of propylene.



Combustion peculiarities in the 2Co–Ti–Al system and properties of half-metallic ferromagnetic Heusler alloy Co2TiAl
Аннотация
Combustion in the 2Co–Ti–Al system was observed by high-speed video recording. It is established that combustion occurs in the frontal mode, and the process parameters are determined. The maximum rate of the combustion temperature increase from the moment of initiation to the maximum value reached 2.7 · 104 K/s. The front propagation velocity calculated from the video recording was 9.4 cm/s. A micro-hotspot mode of combustion of the reaction composition was found. The temperature dependences of the electrical resistivity and magnetic moment of the single-phase Co2TiAl product synthesized in the combustion mode have been measured. For the synthesized Co2TiAl sample, the Curie temperature is Tc = 120 ± 5 K, and the electrical resistivity at room temperature is 1.35 μOhm · m. It is shown that the electrical and magnetic properties of the Co2TiAl alloy obtained in the combustion mode are similar to those of alloys obtained by arc melting.



Influence of mechanical activation and impurity gas release on the macrokinetics of combustion and the product structure in the Ti–C–B system for pressed compacts and granulated mixtures
Аннотация
The influence of mechanical activation of the system 100−x(Ti+C)+x(Ti+2B) on the character of combustion of samples with different macrostructure: pressed compacts with relative density of 0.53-0.6 and bulk density granules of 0.6–1.6 mm size has been investigated. It was found that mechanical activation of powders leads to a gradual decrease in the combustion rate of pressed samples with increasing Ti+2B content in the mixtures (a descending dependence), and increasing Ti+2B content in compacts from nonactivated powders leads to an increase in the combustion rate (an ascending dependence). The obtained results contradict the theoretical ideas about the influence of mechanical activation on the combustion process, according to which the combustion rate should increase. One of the important factors influencing the change in the combustion rate is the release of impurity gases. For the first time the influence of mechanical activation on the character of combustion of granular mixtures was experimentally determined. It was found that the combustion rates of granular mixtures are higher than those of powder mixtures for all the compositions studied. It is shown that granulated mixtures from activated powder have a combustion rate on average 3 times higher compared to granules from nonactivated powder, and the dependence of the combustion rate on the mass content of Ti+2B has a local minimum, which is probably related to the peculiarities of the mechanical activation process.



Experimental study of a stoichiometric propylene–oxygen–argon mixture ignition behind a reflected shock wave
Аннотация
A study on the self-ignition of a propylene–oxygen–argon stoichiometric mixture with a volumetric argon content of 95% was carried out. The experiments were performed on a shock tube, which is part of the “Shock Tube” experimental complex of the Institute of Mechanics of Moscow State University, in conditions behind the reflected shock wave. The time dependences of signals from a piezoelectric pressure sensor, a thermoelectric detector and an optical section configured to record the radiation of electronically excited radicals OH• (l = 302 nm), CH• (l = 427 nm, and molecular carbon C2• (l = 553 nm) were analyzed. The ignition delay times τign were measured in the temperature range T = 1200–2460 K and pressures p = 4.5–25 atm. The data obtained are compared with the results of other authors.



Numerical simulation of oxidative conversion of methane to synthesis gas in a reversed flow reactor
Аннотация
A numerical model for the POX steam-oxygen conversion of methane to synthesis gas in a reversed flow non-premixed filtration combustion reactor with a reversed flow of steam-methane mixture and a continuous supply of oxygen to the reactor center is considered. The calculation was carried out for the oxygen/methane molar ratio 0.47 and steam/methane 0.5, i.e., in the parametric region close to the limit for the feasibility of the scheme. Various modes of initiation and control of flow reverse are considered, and dependences of the combustion temperature and the composition of products on the characteristics of the process are obtained. Comparison of the established cyclic mode of conversion with the predictions of the equilibrium model shows that kinetic constraints lead to a higher combustion temperature and incomplete conversion of methane. At high temperatures, the conversion proceeds via initial soot formation during the pyrolysis of methane and the subsequent reaction of soot with steam.



Acceleration ability of the mixtures of explosives with positive and negative oxygen balance
Аннотация
The possibilities of increasing the acceleration ability (AA) of energetic materials due to creation of compositions combining high explosives (HE) with positive and negative oxygen balance are analyzed. For calculations, three relatively new compounds were selected as HE-oxidizers: 3,6-dinitro-1,4-bis(trinitromethyl)-1,4-dihydropyrazolo[4,3-c]pyrazole; 4,4′5,5′-tetranitro-2,2′-bis(trinitromethyl)-2Н,2′Н-3,3′-bipyrazole; 2-dinitromethyl-5-nitrotetrazole. HMX and CL-20 performed the function of HE-fuel. From the calculations it follows that the AA of HMX increases markedly with the addition of mentioned oxidizers, and the introduction of oxidizers into the composition with CL-20 leads to a slight increase in AA.



Thermodynamic evaluation of hydrogen production modes during pyrolysis of ammonia in a filtration combustion moving bed reactor
Аннотация
A new process has been proposed for pyrolysis of ammonia in a filtration combustion moving bed reactor to produce hydrogen. The process can be implemented in reactors with energy recovery with separate supply of reagents (including swiss-roll reactor, etc.). The mass-energy balance of the process was calculated. The analysis of pyrolysis products was carried out under the condition of thermodynamic equilibrium with varying temperature and pressure. The system pressure varied from 1 to 10 bar. The temperature range from 300 to 1100 K was considered. It has been shown that ammonia pyrolysis ends at a temperature of 620 K at atmospheric pressure. An increase in pressure in the system led to a slight increase in the temperature of ammonia pyrolysis. The portion of hydrogen that needs to be burned to cover the energy for heating and pyrolysis of the initial ammonia in the case of an adiabatic reactor was 0.13. From one mole of ammonia it is possible to obtain 1.31 moles of hydrogen.



Combustion regimes of hydrogen at its direct injection into the internal combustion engine chamber
Аннотация
The paper is dedicated to the analysis of processes in the combustion chamber of spark ignition engine under direct jet injection of hydrogen during compression stroke. By means of numerical modeling the features of hydrogen mixing with air and its combustion after the spark ignition at the instant when piston reaches top dead center (TDC) are investigated. Combustion regimes developing under the variation of injection pressure: from 20 to 140 atm, and start of injection, from 180° to 45° crank angle (CA) before TDC, are considered. In all cases the mass of hydrogen necessary for the formation of stoichiometric mixture with air during injection into the combustion chamber is supplied. It is received that the most uniform mixture by the instant of ignition is formed at advanced injection (180°–135° CA before TDC) under a relatively low pressure (20–60 atm). The ignition of uniform mixture in the conditions considered leads to detonation regime of combustion. Lower degree of mixture uniformity corresponds to slow, deflagration, regime of combustion. It is important to note that non-uniformity of mixture specifies the uncertainty of formation of a certain combustion regime depending on the local mixture composition in the vicinity of a spark. Herewith, the slowest combustion regime provides the maximum hydrogen combustion incompleteness, up to 8.2%. Generally, the considered ranges of injection pressure and start of injection lead to satisfactory levels of hydrogen combustion incompleteness, less than 4%.



The effect of aluminum in its mixtures with ammonium nitrate on the ignition of burning and its transition to convective burning regime
Аннотация
The ignition of normal layer-by-layer burning and its transition to convective burning regime in mixtures of ammonium nitrate with bulk density aluminum are studied. The experiments in a constant-volume bomb with pressure registration were carried out. The porosity of the samples was 0.55–0.59, the particle size of the ammonium nitrate was varied from 20–40 to 250–630 µm, and the aluminum content varied from 8 to 47 wt %. Aluminum of two grades was used: ASD4 and PAP2. It is shown that mixtures are capable to be ignited at the igniter pressure close to or above the critical (minimum) value. The values of the critical pressure of the igniter, the pressure and time at which burning and convective burning occurs for mixtures with different particle sizes of ammonium nitrate and aluminum and different concentrations are measured. The replacement of aluminum ASD4 with PAP2 leads to a significant (by an order of magnitude or even more) decrease in the values of critical pressure and pressures at which the burning and convective burning begins.



Influence of water microdroplets on hydrogen–air flame instability development in a channel
Аннотация
The paper is devoted to the numerical analysis of the gaseous combustion process in a channel willed with the hydrogen-air mixture with the inflow of a fresh mixture seeded with microdroplets of water. The dynamics of microdroplets are described in the Lagrangian approximation, which makes it possible to identify the role of local interaction between the droplets and the flame front. It has been shown that the impact of droplets on the front can provoke the generation of disturbances of the flame front and intensify the development of front instability, thereby causing an integral increase in the combustion rate. Using spectral analysis of the structure of the front in the presence of microdroplets, the dynamics of the development of individual harmonics of front disturbances was analyzed and the mechanisms of evolution of the flame front under the influence of microdroplets of water were identified.



ФИЗИЧЕСКИЕ МЕТОДЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ХИМИЧЕСКИХ РЕАКЦИЙ
Ion confinement efficiency in a complex plasma of glow discharge
Аннотация
The parameters of the plasma of a low-pressure glow discharge in neon with microparticles are determined numerically, at which regions with equal values of the ion confinement efficiency in the cloud of microparticles are realized. It is noted that such features are characteristic of dissipative synergetic systems controlled by feedback. Simulation of a complex glow discharge plasma in neon with microparticles showed that feedback in the plasma is realized through the source of the main losses of its energy a cloud of microparticles. Controlling the discharge parameters by changing the concentration of microparticles in the cloud makes it possible to control the concentration of ions in the plasma.



Articles
Erratum to: "Collision efficiency in autoignition of hydrogen–air mixtures" (Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry B: Focus on Physics. 2024. V. 43. № 7. P. 73–82; DOI: 10.31857/S0207401X24070071)
Аннотация
Replacing the English version of the title in the metadata on the p. 81:
Instead of “COLLISION EFFICIENCY IN AUTOIGNITION OF HYDROGEN–AIR MIXTURES” should be “THE ROLE OF THIRD-BODY COLLISION EFFICIENCY IN AUTOIGNITION OF HYDROGEN–AIR MIXTURES”.


