


Vol 42, No 4 (2023)
СТРОЕНИЕ ХИМИЧЕСКИХ СОЕДИНЕНИЙ, КВАНТОВАЯ ХИМИЯ, СПЕКТРОСКОПИЯ
Monitoring Greenhouse Gases in the Open Atmosphere by the Fourier Spectroscopy Method
Abstract
The problem of global climate change has become one of the most important challenges to humanity in the 21st century. The main reason is the appearance in the atmosphere of an excessive concentration of greenhouse gases, which absorb the thermal radiation of the Earth and partially return it to the Earth’s surface. The accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere leads to a rapid increase in the global average air temperature and, as a result, climate change. It is well known that greenhouse gases have a high transparency in the visible spectral range and high absorption in the infrared range. In this paper, we propose a new technique for recording the CO2 and CH4 spectra. An experimental setup based on dynamic Fourier spectrometer is developed. It allows to record IR absorption spectra in the wavelength range of 1.0 to 1.7 μm with a 10 cm–1 spectral resolution. Long-term recording of the atmospheric transmittance in the conditions of urban development is carried out. Based on the obtained data, the CO2 and CH4 integral and volumetric concentrations are monitored. It is shown that the carbon dioxide and methane volumetric concentrations time dependences accurately reflects the traffic congestion degree on that day. Reduction of volume concentrations in the evening hours is explained by the increase of the optical path and the additional capture of air masses outside the heavy traffic area.



Molecular Modeling of the Interaction of a Cluster of Chromium-Containing Polyacrylonitrile with Pollutant Gases
Abstract
The possibility of the adsorption of priority pollutant gases (nitrogen dioxide, methane, ammonia, sulfur oxide (II), hydrogen sulfide, ozone, carbon monoxide, carbon monoxide (II), chlorine) on the surface of chromium-containing pyrolyzed polyacrylonitrile (pPAN) is evaluated. A model of a cluster of chromium-containing pPAN (Cr-PAN) is constructed. The thermodynamic parameters of the following systems are determined by the method of molecular modeling and compared: Cr-pPAN cluster–gas molecule, Cr-pPAN cluster–oxygen molecule, Cr-pPAN cluster–water molecule, Cr-PAN cluster–oxygen molecule–gas molecule, and Cr–pPAN cluster–water molecule–gas molecule. The effect of a water molecule on the process of adsorption of pollutant gases on the surface of a Cr–PAN cluster and the absence of an effect of an oxygen molecule located in the immediate vicinity of the clusters are revealed. It is established that Cr-pPAN has the property of selective adsorption of the following gases: nitrogen dioxide, chlorine, and ammonia. Within the density functional theory (DFT), the force parameters of the Cr–pPAN structure are estimated and the increase in the contact surface zone upon the introduction of a Cr2O3 molecule is confirmed.



Kinetics and mechanism of chemical reactions, catalysis
Investigation of Potential Energy Surfaces of Reaction Systems Containing Ethylene, Hydrogen, and Oxygen Atoms by Quantum Chemical Calculations
Abstract
In order to study the potential energy surfaces (PESs) of systems containing ethylene, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, quantum chemical calculations are carried out using the hybrid B3LYP method of the density functional theory (DFT) and the composite CBS-QB3 method. An enthalpy diagram reflecting the PES of this reaction system is constructed. It is shown that the addition of a hydrogen atom to ethylene with the formation of an ethyl radical occurs through the formation of a van der Waals complex. The diagram of enthalpies of monomolecular reactions of decomposition and isomerization of the ethoxyl radical is presented in detail, and a conclusion is made about the probability of their occurrence. The global PES minimum of the system describing the sequential addition of hydrogen and oxygen atoms to ethylene is the hydroxyethyl radical. Intermediates CHCH2OH and CH2OCH2 are localized on the PES of the C2H4 + O system and possible pathways for their further transformation are analyzed. The data obtained make it possible to estimate the ranking of individual elementary reactions in the processes of combustion and oxidation of hydrocarbons and the probabilities of various directions for the transformation of chemical species in the studied systems



Collisional Broadening of Spectral Lines in Slow Atomic Collisions
Abstract
A great deal of attention is being paid by researchers to the multilevel modeling of complex gas-phase physicochemical processes occurring in the atmosphere, during combustion, and in plasma-chemical installations. One of the most important microscopic processes determining the transfer of radiation in these systems is the broadening of spectral lines in collisions of radiating atoms with atoms in the ground state. In this paper, we propose a formulation of the unified Franck-Condon theory of the broadening of spectral lines in gases in terms of the theory of slow atomic collisions and nonadiabatic transitions. This makes it possible to select the most efficient channels leading to the broadening of collisions based on the form of the adiabatic potential curves of the colliding atoms and, on this basis, apply fairly simple models developed in the theory of nonadiabatic transitions. As an example of using this approach, the center and wings of the of the spectral line contour of the Ar(3P1) → Ar(1S0) emission of excited argon atoms in their own gas are calculated



Combustion, explosion and shock waves
Influence of Gas-Dispersion Parameters of the Air Suspension Flow on the Flame Spread Velocity
Abstract
The results of experimental studies on the effect of gas-dispersed parameters of the flow of an air suspension of aluminum particles—the average particle diameter d32 and excess air coefficient α—on the flame propagation velocity are presented. The dependences of the apparent flame propagation velocity, uf, on the coefficient of excess air α for ASD-1-grade aluminum powder with d32 = 17.4 µm and ASD-4-grade aluminum powder with d32 = 7.4 µm are obtained. It is established that the number of maxima and their location on the dependence graph uf(α) depend on the particle combustion mode, which in turn is determined by the particle size. For both powder grades, there is a maximum on the dependence graph uf(α) in the rich region (α ≈ 0.2). For aluminum particles with d32 = 17.4 µm, the flame propagation velocity decreases monotonically with increasing α. For particles with d32 = 7.4 µm, whose combustion occurs in the kinetic mode, there is a second maximum in the region of stoichiometric air suspension compositions (α ≈ 1.0). The number and location of maxima and their variation depending on the average diameter d32 allows us to draw certain conclusions about the combustion mechanism of aluminum particles.



Argon Radiation Behind a Strong Shock Wave: Experiment and Direct Simulation by the Monte Carlo Method
Abstract
The radiation characteristics of shock-heated argon are measured in the shock-wave velocity range of 4.5 to 7.8 km/s at gas pressures ahead of the shock wave front of 0.25, 1.0, and 5.0 Torr. Time-integrated sweeps of radiation and the time dependences of the radiation intensity of shock-heated argon at the wavelength of 420 nm are obtained in absolute units. The results of direct statistical simulation by the Monte Carlo method of radiation-chemical processes in the argon behind the front of a strong shock wave are presented. The model takes into account the processes of excitation and ionization of an atom by electron impact, emission and absorption for a discrete spectrum, bremsstrahlung, photoionization, and photorecombination, as well as the broadening of atomic lines. The experimental and calculated data are compared.



Determination of the Electron Temperature of Shock-Heated Air from the Measured Radiation Intensities
Abstract
The results of the radiation characteristics of shock-heated air measurements in the vacuum-ultraviolet region are presented. The experiments are carried out in the STS shock tube of the Institute of Mechanics, Moscow State University at shock-wave velocities of 7.3 to 10.7 km/s and initial pressures in the low-pressure chamber of 0.125, 0.2, and 0.25 Torr. An analytical model of the radiation process is constructed, which takes into account the absorption of radiation during its passage through the air . Processing the experimental dependences of the radiation intensity on time for the main radiation lines using this model made it possible to propose a radiation method for determining the electron temperature of a shock-heated gas. The presented data are compared with the experimental data of other authors.



Химическая физика атмосферных явлений
Propagation of Pulses of Acoustic Gravity Waves in the Atmosphere and Their Passage Through Layers with the Given Temperature Distribution
Abstract
As applied to experimental measurements of the parameters of the neutral component in the Earth’s ionosphere, the propagation of quasi-harmonic pulses of acoustic gravity waves (AGWs) of limited duration in an isothermal atmosphere is analyzed. A criterion for weak distortions of impulse signals during their propagation over long distances is obtained. The reflection and refraction of such pulses by atmospheric layers with a parabolic dependence of the equilibrium temperature in them on height are also considered. It is shown that, under certain conditions, AGW pulses can propagate without distortion over long distances.



Solid Products of NO2 and O3 Uptake on Methane Flame Soot
Abstract
Using a flow reactor with a movable insert and mass-spectrometric control of the gas composition, methane soot samples are treated with O3 and NO2 reagents until the surface is completely poisoned. A solution of the initial methane soot in acetonitrile and solid products of its reaction with oxidizing reagents O3 and NO2 is analyzed using high-resolution mass spectrometry with an electrospray ion source and gas chromatography (GC)–mass spectrometry (MS) with electron ionization. It is established that the original soot contains a number of aromatic compounds, including polycyclic compounds, which are completely consumed in the reaction with these oxidizing agents. Compounds from the paraffin class remain inert with respect to NO2 and O3. The products of the ozonization of prenitrated soot are the same as those of simple ozonation. The number of ozonation products is much higher than similar nitration products. This is the reason for the reactivity of nitrated soot with respect to the ozone uptake.



Reaction of Hydrogen Sulfide with a Chlorine Atom in the Temperature Range of 273 to 366 K
Abstract
The method of resonance fluorescence (RF) of chlorine atoms in a flow reactor in the temperature range of 273 to 366 K is used to measure the rate constant of the reactions of a chlorine atom with hydrogen sulfide, the value of which decreased as temperature in the reactor increased. This behavior of the rate constant could be explained by the fact that this reaction occurs on the surface of the reactor. However, experiments carried out under different conditions of the diffusion of reagents to the surface of the reactor showed that the reaction of the chlorine atom with hydrogen sulfide proceeds in the volume.


