Поиск нейрофизиологических механизмов конфигурационного обучения

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Аннотация

Конфигурационным обучением называют такую форму ассоциативного обучения, при которой условным стимулом выступает целостный комплекс стимульных элементов, а не отдельные стимулы или их изолированные свойства. Для успешного решения задачи такого ассоциативного обучения требуется холистический анализ всей конфигурации в целом. Возможность анализировать не только отдельные физические аспекты стимула или отдельные объекты зрительной сцены, но и их целостные комбинации дает существенные эволюционные преимущества, поскольку часто конфигурации обладают существенно большей предсказательной силой в сравнении с отдельными элементами или признаками стимула. Более того, возможность холистического анализа комбинаций элементов или признаков стимульного поля может считаться начальным, примитивным проявлением сознания. В настоящем обзоре мы рассмотрим историю разработки концепции конфигурационного обучения, основные методические пути исследования и имеющиеся на настоящий момент нейрофизиологические данные о предполагаемых нейрональных основах этого феномена. Наиболее интересными нам представляются исследования процессов конфигурационного обучения у человека с помощью современных методов нейровизуализации, поскольку они дают возможность заглянуть в работу целостного мозга. В заключение мы рассмотрим, какие проблемы в имеющихся исследованиях должны быть преодолены в будущем, чтобы обеспечить более полное понимание нейрофизиологии феномена конфигурационного обучения.

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Б. В. Чернышев

Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова; Институт перспективных исследований мозга, Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова; Центр нейрокогнитивных исследований (МЭГ-центр), Московский государственный психолого-педагогический университет

Автор, ответственный за переписку.
Email: b_chernysh@mail.ru

кафедра высшей нервной деятельности

Россия, Москва; Москва; Москва

В. Л. Ушаков

Институт перспективных исследований мозга, Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова; НИЯУ МИФИ; ГБУЗ “Психиатрическая клиническая больница № 1 им. Н.А. Алексеева Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы”

Email: b_chernysh@mail.ru
Россия, Москва; Москва; Москва

Л. А. Позняк

Центр нейрокогнитивных исследований (МЭГ-центр), Московский государственный психолого-педагогический университет

Email: b_chernysh@mail.ru
Россия, Москва

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