Bulk photovoltaic effect in gyrotropic crystals

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Abstract

The effect of optical activity on the linear and circular bulk photovoltaic effect in crystals without a center of symmetry is investigated. It is shown that there is a phase shift of the linear photovoltaic current JL, which is opposite for the right and left crystals, and a modulus change. The circular photovoltaic current JC does not change in phase depending on the amount of optical activity, but depends on absorption and circular dichroism. The dependences of the JL current on the polarization of incident light are calculated, taking into account the optical activity for the right and left crystals Bi12SiO20, Bi12GeO20 and Bi12TiO20 (class 23). Similar JL calculations were performed for the right crystals Pb5Ge3O11 (class 3), La3Ga5SiO14 with impurities of Pr, Fe, Cr and Mn, Ca3TaGa3Si2O14 (class 32), Er(HCOO)3·2H2O (class 222) when light propagates in the direction of the optical axis. Examples of the JC value for Pb5Ge3O11, La3Ga5SiO14 crystals with impurities of Co, Cr, and Fe, as well as α-HgS (class 32), are given. It is shown that consideration of optical activity is necessary when studying the photorefractive effect in crystals.

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About the authors

V. M. Fridkin

National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”

Email: tatgolovina@mail.ru

Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of the Kurchatov Complex Crystallography and Photonics

Russian Federation, Moscow

T. G. Golovina

National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”

Author for correspondence.
Email: tatgolovina@mail.ru

Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of the Kurchatov Complex Crystallography and Photonics

Russian Federation, Moscow

A. F. Konstantinova

National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”

Email: tatgolovina@mail.ru

Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of the Kurchatov Complex Crystallography and Photonics

Russian Federation, Moscow

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2. Fig. 1. Calculated dependences of the linear photovoltaic current 2JL/(I0α) in Bi12SiO20, Bi12GeO20 and Bi12TiO20 crystals on the polarization of incident light: a – right crystal (ρ < 0), b – left crystal (ρ > 0), wavelength λ = 0.488 μm, thickness d = 1 mm.

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3. Fig. 2. Linear OPE in Bi12SiO20: a – orientation dependence of the photoinduced field Eph, b – dependence of the photoconductivity of the sample on the light intensity [20].

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4. Fig. 3. Calculated dependences of the linear photovoltaic current Jx,z L and Jy,z L on the polarization of incident light for the Pb5Ge3O11 crystal at T = 20 °C, ρ < 0, λ = 0.44 μm, d = 3 mm (a). Dependences of Jy,zL (b) and Jz,zL (c) on temperature for the Pb5Ge3O11 crystal (phase transition temperature TC = 177 °C): 1 – 0.63, 2 – 0.44 μm [3]. Illumination occurs along the optical axis z.

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5. Fig. 4. Circular OPE in a Pb5Ge3O11 crystal: a – dependence of the circular photovoltaic current JzC on the constant electric field applied along the z axis [31], b – dependence of JzC on temperature [3, 31]. Light propagates along the optical axis z.

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6. Fig. 5. Calculated dependences of ρ(λ) and linear photovoltaic currents Jx,z L/Jmax and Jy,z L/Jmax (Jmax = β11I0) on the incident light polarization angle φ for right-handed La3Ga5SiO14 (a, b, c) and Ca3TaGa3Si2O14 (d, e, f) crystals, d = 2 mm, λ = 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, 0.55, 0.6 μm (1–5). The light propagates along the optical axis z.

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7. Fig. 6. Dependences of linear photovoltaic currents on incident light polarization: a – experimental values of Jx,z L and Jy,z L for La3Ga5SiO14 crystals with Pr impurity of thickness d = 3 mm [18]; b – calculation of Jx,z L and Jy,z L for La3Ga5SiO14 crystals with Pr and Fe impurity, d = 3 mm. Wavelength λ = 0.488 μm. Light propagates along the z optical axis.

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8. Fig. 7. Dependences of linear photovoltaic currents on the polarization of incident light: a – experimental values of Jy,z L /I0 for La3Ga5SiO14 with Cr impurity [17]; b – calculation of Jx,z L /I0 and Jy,z L /I0, solid lines – La3Ga5SiO14 with Cr impurity, dotted lines – La3Ga5SiO14 with Mn impurity. Light propagates along the z optical axis, d = 3 mm, λ = 0.488 μm.

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9. Fig. 8. Dependence of the circular photovoltaic current JzC on the degree of circular polarization of light: a – for the La3Ga5SiO14 crystal with a Cr impurity (T = 293 K, λ = 0.488 μm) [17], b – for the α-HgS crystal (T = 123 K, λ = 0.580 μm) [22]. The light propagates along the optical axis z.

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10. Fig. 9. Dependence of the photovoltaic current Jx,y L on the polarization of incident light for a natural quartz crystal: 1 – original sample, 2 – annealed, 3 – irradiated with electrons [3]. The light propagates along the y axis.

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11. Fig. 10. Dependences of the linear photovoltaic current Jx,z' L (1), Jy',z' L (2), Jz',z' L (3) on the polarization of incident light in the Er(HCOO)3⋅2H2O crystal: a – without taking into account optical activity [17, 22]; b – calculation taking into account optical activity (ρ < 0) for a sample with a thickness of d = 1 mm. Light propagates along one of the optical axes z'.

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12. Fig. 11. Diffraction efficiency η of the hologram (a) and ellipticity τ of the diffracted light when reading the hologram with circularly polarized light as a function of angle θ in a Bi12SiO20 crystal (d = 3.45 mm): 1, 2 – without taking into account optical activity, 1, 3 – without taking into account the piezoelectric effect, 4 – with taking into account the piezoelectric effect and optical activity, circles are experimental results [13].

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13. Fig. 12. Dependence of the change in birefringence Δn on the illumination time of a La3Ga5SiO14:Pr crystal for three orientations of the light polarization vector, P = 115 mW, λ = 0.514 μm, d = 3 mm [18]. Illumination occurs along the optical axis z.

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